The primary objectives of this research project are to (1) expand expertise in dune NNBF design and implementation, (2) consolidate and synthesize existing and new data for dune NNBF projects, and (3) directly inform local and state agency expectations for how beach NNBF can contribute to coastal resilience throughout southern California.

Key research questions include the following:

1. How do long-term restoration trajectories and criteria for ecological and physical processes and features scale across a range of NNBF beach and dune restoration projects?
   1. Can trajectories and scaling be developed for different response metrics?
   2. How do the characteristics and context of project sites affect the outcomes and benefits of dune restoration NNBF approaches?
2. Can we use restoration trajectories and results from existing projects to develop a conceptual framework that will help stakeholders assess site suitability for beach and dune NNBF projects in practice?